Disclaimer: These materials do not constitute legal advice and should not be substituted for the advice of legal counsel.

Guide last updated October 2024.

At-Will Employment

Nebraska is an at-will employment state. That means the employer or the employee may terminate employment at any time for any reason, as long as no other law is being violated (i.e., workers' compensation, FMLA, discrimination and retaliation laws, etc.). Nebraska recognizes exceptions for a public policy claim when termination clearly violates public policy. Knapp v. Ruser, 901 N.W.2d 31 (Neb. 2017). Nebraska also recognizes a public policy violation when an employer retaliates against an employee for filing a workers' compensation claim or a retaliatory claim of demotion for filing for workers' compensation. Jackson v. Morris Communications Corp., 657 N.W.2d 634 (2003); Trosper v. Bag 'N Save, 734 N.W.2d 704 (2007). The public policy exception to at-will employment is narrow, requiring direct evidence of a violation of a clear mandate of public policy that contravenes the letter or purpose of constitutional, statutory, or regulatory provision or scheme. Tepper v. Talent Plus, Inc., 561 F.Supp. 3d 846, 853 (D. Neb. 2021).

Nebraska passed 2021 Legislative Bill 451 in May 2021, which added characteristics associated with race, culture, and personhood within the definition of race, including hair texture and protected hairstyles, under the Nebraska Fair Employment Practice Act and changing provisions relating to unlawful employment practices. The enactment went into effect in September 2021. Nebraska 2021 Legislative Bill 451.

Nebraska passed 2021 Legislative Bill 260 in May 2021, expanding valid reasons for voluntarily leaving employment with good cause to include individuals who made reasonable efforts to preserve employment but ultimately could not for the purpose of caring for a family member with a serious health condition. The bill went into effect in August 2021. Nebraska 2021 Legislative Bill 260.

Right-To-Work

Nebraska is a right-to-work state. Employees have the right to refrain from self-organizing; forming, joining, or assisting unions; bargaining collectively through representatives of their own choosing; and engaging in lawful, concerted activities for collective bargaining purposes and other mutual aid or protection. Employers can't deny employment to employees and applicants because of their resignation or expulsion from unions or because they refuse to join or affiliate with unions. Employers can't enter into written or oral contracts that exclude anyone from employment based on union non-membership.

Immigration Verification

Nebraska places no additional employment verification requirements on employers beyond federal I-9 compliance. Nebraska employers do not have to use E-Verify or an equivalent federal program.

Drug Testing

Nebraska allows pre-employment drug testing, but failure to continue employment based on drug test results is prohibited unless the results satisfy the requirements established in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1903. Nebraska law prohibits the release of drug test results to the public absent requirement by law. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1906. Release of drug test results to an entity involved in the employee's channel of employment is not considered a release to the public. Polinski v. Sky Harbor Air Serv., 640 N.W.2d 391 (Neb. 2002).

Jury Duty Leave

It is unlawful for an employer to persuade or attempt to persuade any juror to avoid jury service; intimidate or to threaten any juror in that respect; or remove or otherwise subject an employee to adverse employment action as a result of jury service if the employee provides reasonable notice of their absence. In addition, it is unlawful for an employer to require or request an employee to use annual, vacation, or sick leave for time spent responding to a summons for jury duty. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1674. Nebraska state law requires the employer to compensate the employee for time taken to serve jury duty minus the amount paid by the court (other than expenses) for the employee to attend jury duty. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1674. If jury duty leave would cause undue hardship to either a juror or a juror's employer, a juror can be validly excused from jury duty. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1650.

Voting Leave

On election days, each employer in the state must schedule the work hours of employees so that each employee will have an opportunity "to exercise the right of franchise," which is the right to vote. Registered voters shall be entitled to be absent from employment for a period of time that will, in addition to their nonworking time, total two consecutive hours between the time of the opening and closing of the polls. The employer may specify the hours the employee may be absent but may not deduct any pay from salary or wages. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 32-922.

Parental Leave

No Nebraska state law requires employers to provide their employees with paid parental leave. However, if an employer voluntarily decides to grant parental leave to an employee for a biological newborn child, the employer must grant the same amount of leave for adoptive parents, provided the child has been placed with the parent for purposes of adoption. The adoptive parent leave of absence is not required if the child being adopted is a special needs child over eighteen years of age, a child who is over eight years of age and is not a special needs child, a stepchild being adopted by his or her stepparent, a foster child being adopted by his or her foster parent, or a child who was originally under a voluntary placement for purposes other than adoption without assistance from an attorney, physician, or other individual or agency which later results in a petition for the adoption of the child by the person with whom the voluntary placement was made. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-234.

In addition, employers must make reasonable accommodations for known physical limitations caused by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions, which can include leave to recover from childbirth. Employers must treat female employees affected by pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions the same – for all employment-related purposes, including employee benefits – as other employees who have a similar ability or inability to work. Employers aren't required to provide employee benefits for abortion unless there are medical complications. In addition, employers are not precluded from providing employee benefits for abortion under fringe benefit programs. Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 48-1102 to 48-1107.2, 48-1108, 48-1110 to 48-1112, 48-1115.

Military-Related Leave

Employers with at least 15 employees and employees of those employers who have worked for their employer for at least 12 months and at least 1,250 hours during the past 12 months are eligible for leave when a family member is called to military service for 179 days or longer by Nebraska or the United States. For an employer with 15 to 50 employees, the eligible employee may request up to 15 days when the federal or state deployment order is in effect. For an employer with more than 50 employees, an eligible employee may request up to 30 days when the federal or state deployment order is in effect. Such leave is unpaid. Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 55-502 to 55-507.

Other Leave

The State of Nebraska does not require private employers to offer paid vacation or sick leave to employees. In addition, there are no state laws mandating paid or unpaid holiday leave for private-sector employees. This is left up to the discretion of the employer. However, employers are subject to the federal Family Medical Leave Act and its requirements. The State of Nebraska requires state employers to offer employees 96 working hours of vacation with full pay. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 81-1328. State employees who have exceeded five years of continuous employment shall be entitled to 120 hours during their sixth year of employment. The employee will be entitled to eight hours every year thereafter of continuous state employment. Any state employee who works less than 40 hours a week is entitled to a vacation leave proportionate to their regular workweek. Id.

Smoking Laws

The State of Nebraska prohibits smoking in any indoor workplaces, with very limited exceptions, pursuant to the Nebraska Clean Indoor Air Act of 2008. Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 71-5716 to 71-5735. The law was expanded to apply to e-cigarettes and vaping in 2020. Exemptions to indoor smoking or vaping bans include smoking-specified hotel guestrooms and cigar bars but do not include tobacco retail outlets. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 71-5730; Big John's Billiards, Inc. v. State, 852 N.W.2d 727 (2014).

Break Time to Express Milk

Nebraska law may require employers to provide reasonable accommodations for employees to express milk. This includes providing the appropriate break time and facilities to express milk. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1102(11). Employers may avoid accommodation if the accommodation posed would be an undue hardship on the employer.

Meal Breaks

Nebraska labor laws require employers to provide employees in assembling plants, mechanical establishments, and workshops with a 30-minute lunch period in each shift of at least eight hours. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-212. For all other businesses, such lunch periods or any other type of break are given solely at the discretion of the employer, regardless of the length of the work shift. However, in accordance with federal law, if an employer chooses to provide additional breaks, they must be paid if they are of the type usually lasting less than 20 minutes. Meal or lunch periods (usually 30 minutes or more) do not have to be paid, as long as the employee is free to do as they wish during the meal or lunch period. A structured meal break such as a half-hour period at the end of the workday where the employee is required to remain on the premises is not a "bona fide meal period," but instead a "period of work time" compensable under the Fair Labor Standards Act., Banks v. Mercy Villa Care Center, 407 N.W.2d 793, 797 (1987).

Minimum Wage, Overtime, and Wage Recordkeeping

Beginning January 1, 2024, the State of Nebraska set minimum wage at not less than $12.00 per hour. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1203. Nebraska's hourly minimum wage has scheduled annual increases until it reaches $15.00 in 2026. Starting in 2027, the state minimum wage will be annually adjusted every January 1 to account for increases in the cost of living. Employers must still comply with federal wage laws and regulations. The employer can pay tipped employees $2.13 per hour as long as the employee's tips bring the total hourly wage up to or exceed the state minimum wage. Beginning January 1, 2024, the maximum tip credit is $9.87.

Any employer employing student learners under the age of 20 as part of a bona fide vocational training program may pay such student-learners' wages at a rate of at least 75 percent of the federal minimum wage for 90 days from the date the new employee was hired.

Generally, if an employee works more than 40 hours, they must be compensated at a rate of one and one-half times the regular rate of pay at which they are employed as provided under the FLSA. This does not apply to agricultural employees. Provisions governing overtime pay can be found at https://www.employmentlawhandbook.com/employment-and-labor-laws/federal/flsa/.

All employers with at least two employees must make and keep, for a period of not less than four years, in or about the premises wherein any employee is employed, a record of the name, Social Security number, residence, nature of services performed, date of hire, gross pay, and amounts paid as reimbursement for business expenses. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1225.

Final Payments

The State of Nebraska requires that private employers issue a final paycheck on the next regular payday or within two weeks of the date of termination, whichever is sooner. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1230(4)(a).

Unemployment Insurance

Unemployment insurance benefits provide income to individuals who have lost work through no fault of their own. The benefits are intended to partially offset the loss of wages while an unemployed worker searches for suitable work or until an employer can recall the employee to work. Nothing is deducted from the employee's wages to pay for this coverage. Unemployment benefits are administered by the Nebraska Department of Labor, and additional information regarding the benefits may be accessed at fileunemployment.org/nebraska/. Compensatory time is payable with respect to the weeks in which it was earned, not the weeks during which it is paid, and thus does not disqualify a laid-off employee from unemployment benefits, even if the payments occur simultaneously. Wadkins v. Lecuona, 740 N.W.2d 34, 43 (2007).

Workers' Compensation

The Nebraska Workers' Compensation Act, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-101, applies to every employer in Nebraska with three or more employees, or to those in the construction industry. Employees who suffer injuries and/or occupational diseases arising out of and in the course of their employment may be eligible to receive several types of benefits under the Act. A workplace injury must be immediately reported to the employer under the Act; failing to report an injury on a timely basis may result in a denial of benefits. The Act is administered by the Nebraska Workers' Compensation Commission and additional information regarding the Act may be accessed at doi.nebraska.gov/. Finally, unlike some states, Nebraska recognizes a private cause of action for retaliation under the Act. Jackson v. Morris Communications Corp., 657 N.W.2d 634 (2003); Trosper v. Bag 'N Save, 734 N.W.2d 704 (2007). If an employer discriminates against an employee because they have asserted their rights under the Act, the employer may have to pay a fine to the Second Injury Trust Fund.

Independent contractors do not qualify for unemployment benefits. Wright v. H & S Contracting, Inc., 956 N.W.2d 329, 336 (2021).

Child Labor

Minors under the age of 16 can't perform any work that is dangerous or harmful to their health or morals. They generally can't work more than 48 hours a week, more than eight hours a day, or before 6:00 a.m. After 8:00 p.m. if they are under the age of 14, and after 10:00 p.m. if they are aged 14 to 15. Generally, 14 years of age is the minimum age for employment under Nebraska state law. There are restrictions for places of work dealing with minors, as well as restrictions on the hours of the day the minor may work. The restrictions may be found at Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-302.

Minors under the age of 14 can only work in connection with an employment program supervised and sponsored by their school or school district.

Gun Laws

In April 2023, Nebraska passed the Concealed Handgun Permit Act, allowing a person to carry a concealed handgun anywhere in Nebraska, with or without a permit. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69-2429. However, Nebraska law allows an employer to prohibit employees from carrying concealed handguns in vehicles owned by the employer. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-1202.01(7). An employer may also directly request the gun owner to remove the gun from the employer's premises. Neb. Rev. St. § 28-1202.01.

Whistleblower Protection

The Nebraska Fair Employment Practice Act prohibits employers from retaliating against employees for reporting unlawful practices by their employer. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-1102. This protection does not extend to complaints filed by an employee regarding actions taken by other employees. Baker-Heser v. State, 963 N.W.2d 59, 68 (2021).

COVID-19 Vaccines

Nebraska passed 2022 Legislative Bill 906 in February 2022, requiring employers who mandate COVID-19 vaccinations to allow for exemptions. An employee may qualify for an exemption for medical reasons, or if receiving the vaccine would conflict with their religious beliefs. An employer is allowed to require exempt employees to be periodically tested for COVID-19 at the employer's expense or wear personal protective equipment such as an N95 mask. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 48-239.